我国牧草种质资源创新研究进展

本文总结了几十年来我国牧草种质资源创新研究的方法和成果,详细阐述了种内杂交、远缘杂交、射线辐射、离子束注入、太空搭载、化学诱变及基因转化等不同技术方法在牧草种质资源创新中的应用,并对我国牧草种质资源创新的应用前景进行了讨论,以期为促进我国牧草种质资源创新和育种研究的进一步发展提供参考。     

Observations on the Ecology of Weaver Ants (Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius) in a Thai Mangrove Ecosystem and Their Effect on Herbivory of Rhizophora mucronata Lam.

Ants of the genus Oecophylla are predators of other insects and are able to protect a variety of terrestrial plants against pest insects; however, observations on the ecology of these ants in mangrove forests are lacking. General observations on the ecology of Oecophylla smaragdina were carried out in a Thai mangrove forest to determine if these ants can protect their host plants in less favorable mangrove habitats. Leaf herbivory and the density of O. smaragdina ants were measured on Rhizophora mucronata trees at two sites. The results showed a negative correlation between ant density and herbivory. At both sites, the mean percent damaged leaf area was more than four times higher on trees without ants compared to “ant‐trees.” A significant negative correlation was found between tree mean percent leaf damage and the density of ants on the tree. Furthermore, on trees with ants, there was less herbivory on leaves close to ant nests compared to other leaves on the tree. Most damage was caused by chrysomelid beetles (62%) and sesarmid crabs (25%) and both types of herbivory were significantly reduced on ant‐trees.     

Isolation and pathogenicity of some South African entomopathogenic fungi (Ascomycota) against eggs and larvae of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Virulent entomopathogenic fungal strains against Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were isolated and identified in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Thirty-nine isolates belonging to six species were obtained using the insect bait method. Generally, Metarhizium robertsii (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) was the most frequently encountered species representing 51% of the total number of isolates collected from the soil samples. This is the first report of M. robertsii from southern Africa. Mortality data from an immersion bioassay indicated that the 39 fungal isolates were pathogenic against fifth instar larvae of C. pomonella inducing 47–85% insect mortalities. Two M. robertsii strains, MTL151 and GW461, induced 85% larval mortality and were selected for further evaluations. The exposure of freshly laid eggs to wax papers that were pre-treated with fungal spores ranging from 10³ to 10⁸ spores ml^?1 of MTL151 and GW461 resulted in a significant reduction of egg hatchabilities, from 95 to 66% and 93 to 71%, respectively as spore concentration increased. First instar larval neonates were exposed to apples that were pre-sprayed topically with varied conidia suspensions (10³?10⁸ spores ml^?1). The mean percentage of participating apples with larvae in their cores/flesh significantly reduced from 53 to 10% (MTL151) and 76 to 10% (GW461) of 10 apples, and a concurrent decrease in the incidence of apple fruit rot was observed as conidia concentration increased. Up to 90% of apples treated with 1 × 10⁸ spores ml^?1 had no larvae present in their cores and this result compared favourably with the commercial pesticide Fruitfly®, containing the active ingredient cypermethrin (20 g/l) used at a recommended dose of 0.25 ml/250 ml of water.     

Intraspecific facilitation by allelochemical mediated grazing protection within a toxigenic dinoflagellate population

Dinoflagellates are a major cause of harmful algal blooms (HABs), with consequences for coastal marine ecosystem functioning and services. Alexandrium fundyense (previously Alexandrium tamarense) is one of the most abundant and widespread toxigenic species in the temperate Northern and Southern Hemisphere and produces paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins as well as lytic allelochemical substances. These bioactive compounds may support the success of A. fundyense and its ability to form blooms. Here we investigate the impact of grazing on monoclonal and mixed set-ups of highly (Alex2) and moderately (Alex4) allelochemically active A. fundyense strains and a non-allelochemically active conspecific (Alex5) by the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Polykrikos kofoidii. While Alex4 and particularly Alex5 were strongly grazed by P. kofoidii when offered alone, both strains grew well in the mixed assemblages (Alex4 + Alex5 and Alex2 + Alex5). Hence, the allelochemical active strains facilitated growth of the non-active strain by protecting the population as a whole against grazing. Based on our results, we argue that facilitation among clonal lineages within a species may partly explain the high genotypic and phenotypic diversity of Alexandrium populations. Populations of Alexandrium may comprise multiple cooperative traits that act in concert with intraspecific facilitation, and hence promote the success of this notorious HAB species.     

中国天然林保护、生态恢复与可持续经营的理论与技术

全面总结了近年来中国在天然林保护与生态恢复的理论与技术实践方面所取得的研究进展。高度凝练出了天然林动态干扰与保育技术、典型退化天然林的生态恢复技术和天然林景观恢复与空间经营技术等三方面的创新成果,形成了天然林保护与生态恢复的理论与技术创新体系,对今后天然林保护、生态恢复与可持续经营进行了展望。     

地方认同视角下居民对农业文化遗产认知及保护态度——以福州茉莉花与茶文化系统为例

居民对农业文化遗产的认知态度影响其行为选择,并对农业文化遗产的保护及可持续发展具有重要意义。基于人文地理学及环境心理学领域的地方认同理论,选择历史认同、现实认同、情感认同及行为认同4个维度变量,通过问卷调查,以福州居民对全球重要农业文化遗产"福州茉莉花与茶文化系统"的认知及保护态度作为研究对象,并通过构建福州居民农业文化遗产认知及保护规律定量分析居民认知态度、保护行为与人口特征之间的关系。结果表明:(1)福州居民对茉莉花与茶文化系统的行为认同维度得分高于其他维度,且福州市民各维度得分均高于外来居民;(2)受访居民对农业文化遗产的地方认同与其年龄、受教育水平、收入水平及在福州居住时间长短的关系较为密切;(3)通过构建福州居民农业文化遗产认知及保护规律发现,福州居民对农业文化遗产的保护行为主要受其对该遗产项目认知态度的影响,与居民人口特征相关性较弱。拓展农业文化遗产领域的研究视角及方法,促进农业文化遗产地动态保护与可持续发展具有参考价值。     

基于生态地租的生态环境补偿方案选择及效应

生态地租是反映生态资源利用的经济社会效果的超额利润。在将生态地租这一超额利润用于生态环境补偿的思路框架下,整个生产行业应获得的平均利润不会受到损害,因而具有较高的可行性。结合生态地租分配和调节的税收、收费、价格等手段,赋予不同经济主体收益享有权利以及生态环境保护责任,提出生态环境补偿的生态税、地租分享、受益负担和价格补偿等方案选择并作对比,然后以我国生态资源利用和经济产出为参照值模拟不同方案的效应。结果表明,不同补偿方案在补偿主体、补偿原则、补偿形式和适用范围方面存在明显差别,并且针对不同方案,分别在生态税税率达到8.6%、政府和集体享有13.4%的生态地租、受益者补偿支付额为5916元a-1人-1以及产品价格上升23.8%等不同补偿水平情形下,生态资源消耗和社会经济产出才能保持在资源生物承载力范围之内。同时,各补偿方案在责任主体以及调节手段上的差异,也会导致不同方案选择在社会福利、利益分配和技术创新等效应上的差异。因此,生态环境补偿实践中,具体补偿方案选择应根据当地实际情况进行综合决策,无差别化的方案将无法实现生态环境保护目标。     

哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤温度时空分布对模拟增温的响应

为把握森林不同深度的土壤温度对区域气候变暖的响应,评估气候变暖对亚热带森林土壤呼吸的影响,利用在哀牢山亚热带常绿阔叶林中设置的土壤增温和土壤呼吸人工控制实验,对2011—2013年的对照样地和增温样地不同深度的土壤温度实测数据进行了分析,结果表明:区域气候变暖导致的温度升高不改变土壤温度的年变化和日变化特征;干季的增温效应大于雨季;同一深度增温效应具有一定的年变化,但日变化不明显;增温效应在土壤表层较大,1—4月明显,2月最高,增温可达3℃;5 cm深度的平均增温效应在2℃左右,且年变化较小;随着深度的增加,增温效应呈现对数降低趋势;如果以0.5℃为增温效应的阈值,推算可得出:干季的影响深度为3.82 m,雨季可达12.04 m,年均为6.58 m。     

中国棕榈藤资源及其分布特征研究

棕榈藤是一种重要的非木材林产品,在全球生物多样性保护和经济发展方面起着重要的作用。通过查阅相关文献、野外调查和标本鉴定,对中国棕榈藤植物的种类组成、地理分布类型及特点进行了研究。结果表明:(1)中国分布有较丰富的棕榈藤植物资源,共计3属40种(含变种),在云南、海南、广西等12个省区均有分布,其生长习性以攀援型为主。(2)中国棕榈藤植物表现出明显的水平和垂直地带性分布规律;水平地域性分布明显,形成了西南(云南西双版纳)和东南(海南省)两大分布中心,而其他区域分布的种类相对较少;海拔1000m以下地区分布的种类较多,有一定数量的广布种。(3)中国棕榈藤植物可划分为10个分布区类型,其中,以热带亚洲(印度-马来西亚)分布型的种类为主,特有种也占有一定比例;种类的分布与中南半岛、南亚棕榈藤植物区系有密切的联系。